HG184.N5S27 1991 332'.042-dc20 90-23017 CIP This book has been composed in Linotron Caledonia Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Contents _ Tables ix Acknowledgments xv One Overview 3 PART ONE: THE GEOGRAPHY AND COMPOSITION OF GLOBALIZATION 17 Two Dispersal and New Forms of Centralization 22 Three New Patterns in Direct Foreign Investment 35 Four Internationalization and Expansion of the Financial Industry 64 PART TWO THE ECONOMIC ORDER OF THE GLOBAL CITY 85 Five The Producer Services 90 Six Global Cities: Postindustrial Production Sites 126 Seven Elements in a Global Hierarchy 168 PART THREE: THE SOCIAL ORDER OF THE GLOBAL CITY 193 Eight Employment and Earnings 197 Nine Economic Restructuring as Class and Spatial Polarization 245 Tables - 3.1 Average Annual Growth Rate of Direct Foreign Investment from Developed to Developing Countries, 19601987 (percent) 3.2 Inward Direct Investment Flows: SDRs and Percentage Distribution for Seven Countries, 1980-1986 (millions of SDRs and percent) 3.3A Direct Foreign Investment in the United States by Source, 1962-1988 (millions of U.S. Financial services industry-EnglandLondon. Financial services industry-e-Iapan-c-Tokyo. Includes bibliographical references and index. Van EIsloo Copyright © 1991 by'Prmceton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Oxford All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Date Sassen, Saskia, The global city: New York, London, Tokyo / Saskia Sassen. "About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.THE GLOBAL CITY [HE GLOBAL CITY NEW YORK, LONDON, TOKYO Saskia Sassen PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY For Mara Van de Voort and Willem S. "A multi-disciplinary tour de force that should be read not only by regional economists but also by urban geographers, sociologists, and planners." ( Development and Change) It incorporates a herculean research effort." -Susan Fainstein, Journal of the American Planning Association are sobering." -Rudolf Klein, Times Literary Supplement "The most detailed and sophisticated anatomy yet published of the functioning of the new producer services sector in the global economy." -Mark Levine, Urban Affairs Quarterly "A landmark study in the political economy of cities." -Anthony King, Newsline Sassen shows how dangerously city life has been affected by the influx of employees of the multinational firms which move into major cities and virtually colonize them, riving even greater wedges between the rich and poor." ( The Observer) " high-powered and at times horrific book. A systematic detailed analysis of the three largest urban economies in the advanced world." -Peter Hall, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research "This is brilliant stuff, both in its broadness of sociological scope and its voluminous collection of data from a vast number of sources in the three cities." -Scott Lash, The Times Higher Education Supplement "One of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 1992"
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Providing new capital for necessary infrastructure, funding for attractive security enhancing streetscapes, new capital for building schools, parks, recreation spaces and hike and bike trails, the ability to adopt land use controls similar to those available to suburban developers, and significant new tax revenues for the City of Houston, HISD, and Harris County.Assisting property owners in negotiations with potential financiers/developers for the creation of new development projects.Since its inception, the Board of Directors of the MRA/TIRZ and its staff have continued to pursue the goal of a rejuvenated Midtown Houston by: The TIRZ funds are used for public projects such as public parks, improved street lighting, capital improvements and landscaping enhancements. The MRA solicits new developments and coordinates with City departments and private developers to implement Midtown Houston’s Redevelopment Master Plan. The multi-use nature of the MRA/TIRZ is intended to provide new housing choices as well as employment, education, entertainment, and retail opportunities to residents in Midtown Houston. MRA uses incremental taxes generated in Midtown Houston to provide basic infrastructure improvements and public right of way enhancements as well as financing and management necessary to alleviate deteriorated site conditions and obsolete platting, and encourage growth of residential, commercial/industrial, retail, and institutional uses. This gives the MRA/TIRZ the ability to issue bonds based on the current and anticipated increase in value. Today, the appraised value of property in the district is over $1.6 billion. From the baseline appraised value of $211 million, every increase in value and the taxes it generated is committed to Midtown Houston for 30 years. The MRA/TIRZ have been responsible for physical and capital improvements in Midtown Houston. The current TIRZ includes approximately 771 acres of land including all annexations within its boundaries, and are all within the City. Efforts to create the TIRZ/MRA started from the community individual property owners and neighborhood institutions petitioned for its existence in order to foster economic development and revitalize Midtown Houston with new construction and the preservation and restoration of existing structures. They were created to redevelop the area aid, assist, and act on behalf of the City in governmental functions and to provide an operating and financing vehicle for implementing the TIRZ Project and Financing Plan. The MRA was created by City Resolution No. The TIRZ was created on Decemby Ordinance No. 2 (TIRZ) are parallel organizations the Boards of Directors for MRA and TIRZ consist of the same nine members. 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When: On Wednesday, Jat 6:00 PM Where: Okemos Public Library, Community Room Head over to our Facebook Event page for conversation and updates on the event!Įach candidate will first give a short summary about their background and their reasons for seeking elective office. Denny, Republican candidate for the State Senate 23rd district. The candidates who are vying the 69th District House seat are Democrats Teri Banas, Julie Brixie and Penelope Tsernoglou and Republican George Nastas. Join us for an evening with candidates who are running in the August 7th Primary Election and seeking to represent Meridian Township in the Michigan State Legislature. In 1919, the White Army launched several offensives from the east in March, the south in July, and west in October. That, combined with the creation of the Provisional All-Russian Government, saw the reduction of Bolshevik-controlled territory to most of European Russia and parts of Central Asia. In reaction, the Allies began their North Russian and Siberian interventions. In May 1918, the Czechoslovak Legion in Russia revolted in Siberia. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was an emergency peace with the German Empire, who had captured vast swathes of the Russian territory during the chaos of the revolution. The Bolsheviks initially consolidated control over most of the former empire. Three foreign nations of the Central Powers also intervened, rivaling the Allied intervention with the main goal of retaining the territory they had received in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Soviet Russia. Thirteen foreign nations intervened against the Red Army, notably the Allied intervention, whose primary goal was re-establishing the Eastern Front of World War I. They, as well as non-ideological green armies, opposed the Bolsheviks, the Whites and the foreign interventionists. In addition, rival militant socialists, notably the Ukrainian anarchists of the Makhnovshchina and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, were involved in conflict against the Bolsheviks. The two largest combatants were the Red Army, fighting for the establishment of a Bolshevik-led socialist state headed by Vladimir Lenin, and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army, which functioned as a political big tent for right- and left-wing opposition to Bolshevik rule. Bolshevik seizure of power was not universally accepted, and the country descended into civil war. A tense summer culminated in the Bolshevik-led October Revolution, overthrowing the Provisional Government of the new Russian Republic. The Russian monarchy ended with the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II during the February Revolution, and Russia was in a state of political flux. Its finale marked the end of the Russian Revolution, which was one of the key events of the 20th century. It resulted in the formation of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and later the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in most of its territory. The Russian Civil War ( Russian: Гражданская война в России, romanized: Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossii 7 November 1917 - 16 June 1923) was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the social-democratic Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. Spring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army. Spring 1919 offensive of the White Army. |
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